Livestock Wala'au
Welcome to the Livestock Wala’au podcast. Brought to you by the Livestock Extension Group of the University of Hawaii Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resilience and the Center for Ag Profitability of the University of Nebraska. A podcast aimed to provide educational support, information, guidance and outreach to livestock stakeholders in Hawaii and the rest of the U.S. Hosted by Extension Professionals Melelani Oshiro of UH Manoa CTAHR & Shannon Sand of the University of Nebraska.
Livestock Wala'au
S5 Ep 7: Ag Budget Calculator For Livestock with Glennis McClure
Use Left/Right to seek, Home/End to jump to start or end. Hold shift to jump forward or backward.
We talk with ag economist Glennis McClure with the University of Nebraska about the Ag Budget Calculator and how it helps livestock producers build enterprise budgets without living in spreadsheets. We dig into what to enter, what people forget to count, and how better budgeting supports calmer decisions when markets and weather turn fast.
• Glenis McClure’s background in ag economics, consulting, and extension work
• How avian flu, drought, and tight supply reshape egg and cattle markets
• What the Ag Budget Calculator is and what it is not
• Using break even and sensitivity tools to test “what if” scenarios
• How to access the tool, create an account, and use templates
• Cow calf, backgrounding, finishing, and heifer development budget options
• Common missing costs like labor and unpaid family work
• Cash costs versus full economic costs with depreciation and opportunity cost
• Why separate enterprises matter for integrated systems like grazing under orchards
• Sharing feedback, reporting glitches, and joining online trainings
Thanks for listening! Check out our other social media platforms!
Welcome And Why Budgets Matter
SPEAKER_01Aloha. Today's episode is sponsored by the Livestock Extension Group out of the University of Hawaii, Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resilience, and the Center for Ag Profitability out of the University of Nebraska.
SPEAKER_00Aloha and welcome to the Livestock Vala'al, a podcast aimed to provide educational support, information, guidance, and outreach to our livestock stakeholders in Hawaii and the U.S. We are your host, Melee O'Shiro, and Sam.
SPEAKER_01Sam. Today we are talking with Glenis McClure about the ag budget calculator that was recently launched for livestock producers. We are so excited to talk with you today. Glennis, thank you so much for joining us.
SPEAKER_02Well, thanks for having me. This is um kind of a fun adventure for me to be talking with uh with uh Mele in Hawaii and of course you, Shannon, in North Platte, Nebraska. So thanks. That's it.
SPEAKER_01That's very exciting. So all right, Glenn, so I know your background, but our listeners don't. So can you can you tell us a little bit about your background and how you came to be in your current position at the University of Nebraska?
SPEAKER_02Okay, well, um yes, I I have had a long career actually. I'm kind of towards the end of my career, I'd say, probably. Although I don't know that I'll ever stop not being busy, you know. But um, so yeah, I have a bachelor's degree from the University of Nebraska in ag economics and then worked on my master's. Um, well, I actually taught at a community college in Southeast Nebraska and taught marketing and record keeping and all those kinds of things and truly loved it. Um, but actually before that, I was a farm business consultant. We have a Nebraska Farm Business Association here, and for like seven years, I was a consultant for about 60 farm families in the southeast Nebraska area. And I did tax work and also farm analysis and enterprise analysis. So I was working with sort of the actual records of a number of these farms and doing and helping them understand really how profitable they were and also to look at their finances. So they went on from there to teach at the community college and then um had an opportunity to go back and work with small businesses with another nonprofit and actually spent some time with the Kansas City Federal Reserve.
SPEAKER_01That's what I was gonna say. I remember hearing about that, and I thought that was really cool.
SPEAKER_02Yeah, it was a great opportunity. I was in community development then, and um, and a lot of that had to do with economics. I've I have had a long passion in, of course, helping rural communities with development um types of things. And so um I did that and then kind of came back into the small business world, but then actually was was uh had an opportunity then to come back here to the University of Nebraska and sort of finish out my career as an extension educator. And um, just like you, Shannon, um you're an um ag economist. So I'm an ag economist as well. And I always tell people that's that means I'm kind of a numbers person, I'm kind of a numbers nerd, right? So uh
Glenis’ Background And On Farm Reality
SPEAKER_02so we try to make sense of um, you know, what's happening out there um, you know, with farm farmers, farm families, and so on. And and it really goes back from the the origin my you know, my my studies at the university and ag economics. I had a great professor in farm finance, and uh I think that just always um was a good foundation for me to sort of launch my career, and that's kind of where I've I've kind of come full circle and and now uh working with folks, you know, here at the university again.
SPEAKER_01So exciting. And you guys have your own farm business.
SPEAKER_02So oh that's right. Yes, of course I can't. I am I am a farm wife, farm partner. Um, and we actually um now in Nebraska, we're in southeast Nebraska, we rent out our ground to our nephew and our niece and um and their family. And we actually, though, have a poultry operation. So that keeps my husband very, very busy. We're actually a um a lane hen breeder. Um, and so the eggs from our farm in Nebraska can end up anywhere around the world. And actually, some of them might be in Hawaii.
SPEAKER_00Yeah, I wouldn't, I was just gonna say, we probably receive some of them.
SPEAKER_02Yeah, so I mean, and I'd say that's been a very uh very uh it's pretty risky because of the avian flu um situation that we've had here in the States. Um I would um I would say though too, it's very, it's been really a valuable business in that we help restock, you know, when a lot of those birds die or have to be, you know, have to be eliminated because of the bird flu. We uh we're in the position, as long as we don't have the bird flu, to restock um, you know, those things and you know, those birds across the nation. And and and I know I think my husband said this last year or so we probably have exported um, you know, to like 20 countries. Wow.
SPEAKER_01Wow.
unknownYeah.
SPEAKER_01It's always so interesting to hear about like everybody's different like like businesses that they run or they participate in or work with. So Glennus has worked with, I feel like a lot of different ones too. So it always makes it fun.
SPEAKER_00Yeah. Yeah. I mean, and I think what I met you, gosh, when was it? Maybe four or five years ago at one of the where we conferences. But yeah, I don't remember talking to you about your poultry and whatnot. So it's very interesting. And then everything happening um with avian flu and stuff, it's you know, it's good to still have someone out there that can continue to produce because we were short, not being able to get um birds here in the state, too. So that's very good.
SPEAKER_02And you know, and it kind of comes back to the economics. A lot of people were upset in that um, oh, all of a sudden the egg prices are high. Well, when the when the supply is short, that's when you see those prices, kind of similar on the cattle side of things. You know, we've had a short supply. So what is what's happening to those prices? And a lot of that goes back to again, the bird flu had a big influence on the egg market, but the drought, I mean, the drought in the Midwest and uh causing uh the shortage of numbers on in livestock. I I do commute um to campus here um in Lincoln quite often, and I listened to some of the rural uh radio stations and um a local actual, they they usually did an interview with um one of our auctioneers out of our livestock facility. And I remember um in the last, it was you know, probably a couple years ago when a lot of families actually had to make the decision to um sell, to sell their their cows and and to reduce their herd size. And I could tell that it was really quite a um, you know, kind of a tough thing for this guy to talk about. He's like, you could just see the stress on some of these farm families that had to say goodbye to their, you know, some of them have, of course, had been in business for a long, long time. And it just was kind of heart-wrenching to hear this again was an auctioneer who's was close to a lot of those families that he'd done business with for a long, long time. And so you could just, you know, so basically that's when we started to see our herds kind of dem, you know, decreasing. And um then here's the results. We have low stocks and we have um, you know, higher prices for for um you know beef and across across
Market Shocks That Change Decisions
SPEAKER_02our area and so on.
SPEAKER_00Yeah, yeah, yeah. We've seen those impacts here um in Hawaii as well. So yeah, well, well, and I guess that's a great way for us to lead into this because you folks have created um a tool um to help with things that such as your budget and looking at profit. So you want to talk a little bit exactly about what is your ag budget calculator? And um well, I'm sure we'll have more questions for you about it, but we'll just start the conversation and talking more about that.
SPEAKER_02Well, the University of Nebraska has done um enterprise budgeting and helped folks with that for a long, long time. We used to do it um Excel-based and so, or spreadsheet-based, if you will. That's kind of where it where it got at start as the spreadsheets came along. And we would produce those every year, and folks would pick up on those and then work with those. And um kind of as times have changed, and we have not only Excel, but we have Google Sheets, we have other things. Um, we decided that it was probably worthwhile to really turn that budgeting into an online program. And so something that's accessible by everyone. So not you don't have to be an Excel or a spreadsheet expert to work with it, that kind of thing. Also, one of our department chairs, um, or our department chair at the time, Dr. Um Ben Tassel, had a vision of how can we improve those enterprise budgets and really make them so there's more factors in those, in that you can more easily see some things and you can make some decisions, kind of as a management tool type thing. It's not a record-keeping program. It is really where you plug in, you know, some of your data, what you project your costs to be, some of your expenses and what you project revenue to be, and so on, to end up with a with an enterprise budget. Um, and you hopefully from there can make some decisions. We started off doing crops, and so it took, you know, it took quite a while to kind of bring that on board. And we did a lot of things at the time with the with the funding
Ag Budget Calculator Overview And Features
SPEAKER_02that we had. It it's a lot of it's been grant funded through USDA, our um our extension research um um funding source. And also we had the soybean uh board in Nebraska kind of help launch it, and then we've also had some funding from the Corn Board here in Nebraska. So we've actually been pretty focused on the crop side of things, and we added in different modules or different pieces to the ag budget calculator that would help with some of those decisions, like that, like a break-even chart, a sensitivity chart. So, like what if my yield changes and the prices change? And what does that do to my my projected profitability? Um, we also put a risk module in, working with one of the professors here that does a lot with crop insurance and like measuring, you know, you have a risk, and how do you how do you mitigate that risk with crop insurance? So we've done a lot of things with that. So then we were we said, hey, we got to turn our attention to livestock. Nebraska is a huge beef state. And uh we knew that we needed to do something there. So again, that took some time. It was um, you know, we were so focused on doing certain things with crops, like how do you plant the crop? What is that equipment that goes into that? And so we had to really kind of uh sort gears, if you will.
SPEAKER_01It was a big six and gear.
SPEAKER_02Yeah, and then get the livestock. And so we again we focused really on cattle. So when you look at the ag budget calculator program now, you'll see that it's pretty heavy, at least at this point. Um, it's designed primarily for the cattle industry.
SPEAKER_00Oh yeah, that's I mean, I the days of spreadsheets. I mean, that's what I remember going to school and whatnot. So this is great. And when Shannon told me you folks were expanding it to livestock, I got really excited because I mean that's a you know, that's a huge part of us here. Um so as uh so I've been I haven't gone on to mess around with the program, but I understand you need to go on. You want to take us through maybe of just a simple kind of steps of what you need to do to be able to get to access your the um program there online.
SPEAKER_02Okay, well, there's a couple of websites that I think you want to be um you want to be familiar with. And one of the first ones would be CAP. So Shannon and I work with the Center for Ag Profitability, which is part of the University of Nebraska. It's a center. So it's CAPCAP.unl.edu and you do and you do a slash ABC, or you can just Google the Ag Budget Calculator program, and you that you know that that should come up. Well, anyway, you go in um and we do have some pages dedicated to the ag budget calculator program there, where really to help you learn about it. And we do have um tutorials. I do schedule training sessions online. I've had folks that aren't just in Nebraska that join us with that. The the budget calculator itself is accessible by anyone that has web access, and that is agbudgetagbudget.unl.edu. So that website is separate from that cap website. Again, the cap website really has sort of that overview of what this program is. Again, we're putting on help messages. I got a QA session in there, um, but tutorials. And those tutorials, I do have a livestock budgeting and ABC tutorial that I added last fall. Um, I am planning to update some of those things because as time moves along and our developer continues to make improvements, um, some of the pages might start to look a little different, that kind of thing. So I have to try to keep up with that. And right now I'm in the mode of trying to update most of those tutorials and to make maybe even shorter tutorials. So, you know, here's a five-minute tutorial tutorial on how do you access the program. So let's just talk about that for a minute. Um, and one would be um just go to the eggbudget.unl.edu and then you can create an account. We highly suggest that you create an account so you can access the budgets that we have downloaded into the program. You can um you can look at those budgets and then say, hey, yeah, this this cow calf budget really sort of matches what I'm doing. And you can actually download one of our budgets into your account in the ag budget calculator and then work with it. Or you can actually just say, hey, no, I'm gonna just start from scratch because what you're doing in Hawaii can be quite different than what we're doing in Nebraska, obviously.
SPEAKER_01It can be, but I would argue that personally for me, it's easier to start from something that already exists and then just go in and delete all the feed options except for the pasture. It was like, I don't know. If I was doing a Hawaii one, I think that's what I would do if I were working on one of those.
SPEAKER_02So I think it could be really helpful to um yeah, to look at a budget and understand what we have in it, right? But to create an account, all you want, all you need to do is enter your email, enter an email, and then create a password. And then you
Getting Started With Livestock Budgets
SPEAKER_02have your own account that you can continue to access. You can also um tie in those crops, and then we continue to try to advance the program, but you could actually say, well, let's say you do have Valfalfa or you have some kind of, let's say you do have some corn that you feed once in a while or whatever, and you're raising it. What is that costing you? You can actually do a crop budget and then take that cost and then say, hey, I'm gonna feed that over into the livestock. We actually are working on, we hope that we have funding to integrate that more within the program here soon, but but right now you'd do those separately. But anyway, and you could do that all within your own account. And we don't have access, I mean, we know we just know numbers. We know that of how many people are users, but we don't look at individual data because it wouldn't make no sense. I mean, we um we do our own budgets, we do our own estimations, right? Um, working with producers or working, I work with the livestock educators. Um, and Shannon's helped with some of our cattle budgets and putting those into the program. Um, but anyway, so that's really all you have to do is just create an account, and then you have access to looking at the livestock budgets that we've placed in there. And we've got, I last I checked, um, I've got at least eight, if not about 11 budgets now in there, different size cow herds primarily. Um, and um I do have we do have it so that um in some cases here in Nebraska at least too, that folks will um maybe they sell half their herd, their their calves, you know, when you know, generally it's in the fall. We we calve in the spring, we sell late in the year. So generally they're selling those calves, or they might be holding backs from those calves to background, put some extra weight on before they go to market. And then we have folks here too that might be finishing. So they could they could keep transferring those numbers, but we would say a finishing budget's different than a cow calf budget. A cow calf budget is a breeding budget where you're you're looking at, you know, I mean the important thing there is, you know, the cows and their longevity and what you're what what you're feeding those cows and the expenses that those cows, um, cows and bulls are, and um versus taking a non-breeding uh budget and just putting feed and some expenses towards those animals and figuring out what that is costing you. So you can split those up. The other thing that, and some of your folks in Hawaii might do this in that they're holding back some of their heifers. So I do have a few heifer budgets in there too, um heifer replacement, heifer development budgets, because that's a real decision point sometimes, too, is yeah, is am I better off to go and you know purchase those heifers um or am I better off to you know put the expense in and raise them? And so we have that happening, and that's part of some of the things that you can do with the ag budget calculator too.
SPEAKER_00Yeah, yeah, and that's good. And I mean, even thinking about folks uh making the decision sometimes of keeping bulls because they may not have the capacity to to hold on to a bull and is AI gonna be using artificial insemination gonna be a better option for them as well, too, and some of those breeding herds. So those have been things too.
SPEAKER_02Yeah. So in that case, you know, okay, I'm gonna transfer this um, you know, these calves over into I'm gonna develop this bull. And so what are all those costs that you have to put into that bull to raise it, right?
SPEAKER_01And so you can see what that bottom line for. But to maintain them, bulls are expensive to be. I mean, all animals are, but my gosh, yeah.
SPEAKER_00And just, you know, I think it's just a space, right? But that's why they're more expensive. You have to have that that area for them and then not designated for them. You can't put them in a big, you know, typically in a big herd like you would with your cows. So but so you you did mention that um you so this is with cow calf budgets that you may have in there now, but you guys are looking into doing this with other livestock species, having budgets for other livestock species as well.
SPEAKER_02Yeah, yeah, we definitely are. I think Shannon just mentioned she worked with some specialty, you know, we call them fish crop producers, producers, specialty producers, right? Smaller herd producers that do some goats and some sheep. Yeah. And um, and I think you right now you could go into the program and some of the the names would be different. I mean, right? Uh a baby goat is a kid, right, versus a calf. Yeah. So you could make it work right now. Um, and like there's always enhancements we're trying to work with with the program. And so that's one of the things we've been kind of waiting on is getting the the actual names of the sheep. I think our developer has all of that. It's just a matter of his time to get it done. Right. Yeah.
SPEAKER_00Yeah. No, I and I was thinking that too, and Shannon had told me about it. I'm like, I'm sure you could use those budgets. But like Shannon said, copying over the budgets that has everything listed in there sometimes is good because sometimes you do forget about some of the other expenses, right? So people want to see, yeah, see everything that's there. You know, that's you know, you always sit there and be like, oh, I forgot to add that. Oh, I forgot to add that.
SPEAKER_01So I feel like labor is one of the most common ones that people forget. And like we include that. We we have like an average labor like per hour charge that we do, but then also, you know, Glennus was really big on making sure that unpaid labor, because a lot of times for most owners, there's a level of unpaid labor that's included in there.
SPEAKER_00So, you know, yeah. Yeah, I mean, most of the operations when you're a family run, you don't think about paying yourself, right? So that's we tend to leave that out.
SPEAKER_02Yeah, yeah, there's always a couple ways of looking at that in that let's say, let's say um, you know what you need to pull from that particular those enterprises. Let's say I need, you know, $30,000 for my cow cap enterprise to live on, you know. Um, and so I can put that in and budget that right there, or I could just simply leave it off and then look at what the bottom line is. And so, you know, we teach that um, you know, from profitability, you know, that's where your family living, you pay your taxes or family living, um, and then you reinvest. Um, or you can so you can do it either way. And that's really what the the that's what we encourage is that any of the budgets that we do, and we do a number of crop budgets too. So you'd see those in here. We're gonna be doing some specialty crops as well, um, like that if you're growing fruits and vegetables, um, you know, that kind of thing, which I'm sure there's a lot of that in Hawaii, that this could be um, you know, really
Comparing Enterprises And True Costs
SPEAKER_02a helpful tool as well. Um, but that we that we put those budgets in really as a guide. And so we we really encourage. People to go in and put their own information because machinery is one thing too. I mean, I could have, you know, the most expensive tractor, and you might have the cheapest tractor. And so your costs are going to be different than what I have, you know, kind of thing. And so, so you'll see that. And it's pretty easy to go in and modify. And you can actually, if if you're looking at one of our budgets, you can just delete. Let's say I want to put my tractor in and delete the one that the University of Nebraska has in, just delete it. Those are really easy to do. And then I should say one of the other nice features in this is that, okay, so I spend all this time, I come in and I do a CowCAF budget for 2026 now. And I've got things pretty, pretty good. And then you know what changes, what expenses are changing as we go through the year, and we start to do your 2027. Um, you can actually duplicate that budget that you did in 26 and then go in and make those modifications. So it's your prices change for 27. Yeah, it becomes easier as you uh as you do these things, just like anything too, right, guys?
SPEAKER_01Is if you I always say setup can be half the battle.
SPEAKER_02So yeah, and once you yeah, once you do it, once you learn it, then you know it, you know. Yeah, it's kind of a hands-on thing, right?
SPEAKER_00Yeah, yeah. Um, you you said something about crops um in grazing and whatnot. And so that's I think an area that a lot of folks are doing is using grazing animals underneath some of their crops and have been asking about sort of how do you incorporate those costs and you know, where you you're essentially having two crops on one property, right? Or uh operation. Um, is that something that you can incorporate, like in in the budget?
SPEAKER_01I mean, I guess that would be something you'd be able to work into there eventually because but they are separate enterprises, so they would be separate enterprises, and then so this is where we're currently in development now. Glenn's correct me if I'm wrong or speaking out of pocket here, but right now we are working on connecting the livestock to the farm side so they talk to each other. And we have a whole well, we plan to have several different whole farm reports you can pull and do comparisons and look at, which I'm can you tell I'm real excited about? Right, right.
SPEAKER_00Because we also have a lot of people here that yeah, you know, civil civil pasture stuff is really a lot of talk here, especially using sort of your animals and grazing underneath some other um tree crop or something like that. Like the magnet farms or some of the other um, you know, fruit orchards and stuff they've been using them to graze and help manage some of the stuff underneath there.
SPEAKER_02So well, I think what you'd have to figure, I mean, from I would think about um what expenses go into that extra crop, you know, because um you have to decide how your value is and whether you want to include that as a cost to your livestock. It might be that it's pretty small, you know. It might be that, you know, I'm that's my that's my uh let's say let's use tree growing nuts, okay? And you know, that's my that's my enterprise, and everything else is gravy, right? Everything else, right? Right. What are those expenses?
SPEAKER_01For potentially, quite frankly, more probable.
SPEAKER_02Yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah. So that that and that's that's again the nice thing about this is that, well, and I was gonna mention too, we do, um, and we've done this for a long, long time as well, is shown like economic cost budgeting, which is a total cost, and that includes figuring in depreciation and opportunity cost of our investments. So, like we have a lot of investments in in machinery and equipment these days and land. Okay. So I can look at a total cost budget, and we call that economic costs, or you can toggle in our in our reports and our budgets to cash. So I could just look at my cash costs. So in the case of this um, you know, example where they might have um ground that they're grazing or something underneath the trees, um, you know, what kind of cash expenses are going into that, if any, you know, yeah, they probably have to spray. And would you would you be doing that because of the cattle enterprise? Or would you be, you know, and so you can make those decisions. But yeah, to Shannon's point, I mean, the the trees and that that enterprise, that specialty crop is its own enterprise, and then the cattle is a separate enterprise, and that's really how we should look at it.
SPEAKER_01Yeah.
SPEAKER_02Because you want to compare where do I spend my money, where do I spend my time, and how profitable is this crop over that crop or whatever it might be. Yeah, yeah.
SPEAKER_01Or again, if they integrate really well together, you know. Yeah, yeah.
SPEAKER_00Is it worth it? Yeah. And uh, yeah, because a lot of times we have folks that are managing orchards and they ask, like, you know, is it worth it to let these folks come in and graze? I mean, it might cut down on your mowing cost, but then what's the other expenses that brings in, right? So wow, cool. Well, I look forward to getting on there and um messing around with the tool because there's lots of things that you know, work-wise and home-wise, that I see that it'll be very beneficial for. So anything else you want to um share with us that's coming up?
SPEAKER_02Well, we're always interested in um feedback too. So as you work with it and others work with it, we always like to know, you know, if it's working for you. Um, if there's any glitches, we always think it's good. You can email us and there should be a, I think there's a link in the program to be able to do that pretty easily. Um,
Feedback, Training, And Closing CTAs
SPEAKER_02and so you can join us um online for some of our training sessions as well. I know we're a distance away, but you know, we and I know time is also our scheduling might be right now, might meet you. Yeah, it might be kind of tough. But anyway, so thanks again. I um we're glad to have other folks um use the program.
SPEAKER_01Oh, and I should say that Glennis has actually done an ABC Live Stock for people in Hawaii. You forgot that, didn't you? She did. So I was like, if there was a group that wanted to do that, like she she can she can zoom in. So very good.
SPEAKER_02We'll oh yeah, we'll yeah, you might need, oh, I if we have a budget or two, um, and that that's something that we're looking at um with other universities maybe adopting and branding this program. So if there were livestock examples or even crop examples from Hawaii, that could be a potential where um you know you guys are actually putting in some of your own budgets and then people could work with them from there. So rather than looking at a Nebraska budget or something, you know.
SPEAKER_00So oh, thank you. I think that's very good. And thank you again for joining us. Yeah, and sharing. And I will shout in and I have already talked uh, I I asked her about you coming to do some something, whether it be a webinar or whatever, you know, trying to figure it out. So we already we're gonna reach out to you for it.
SPEAKER_02Yeah, that's good. All right, it's always fun to see you. Thank you. Yeah, same.
SPEAKER_00Thank you.
SPEAKER_01Well, thank you so much for joining us today. And we hope our listeners found this informative and that it will be useful for them.
SPEAKER_00Make sure to follow us on our social media pages, the Livestock Vallal O'L and the Livestock Extension Group if you haven't already. And be sure to visit the UHT Tar Extension website and our YouTube channel listed in the show notes.
SPEAKER_01That's right. And for additional information about this topic, like Melie said, see the show notes of the podcast and the description box in our YouTube page. Thanks for listening to the Livestock Vallal Owl. Before we go, show some love for your favorite podcast. Hopefully that's us. Um, and by giving us a review anywhere you listen to this, and then stay tuned for the next episode.
SPEAKER_00All right, thanks again to our sponsors, the Livestock Extension Group of the University of Hawaii Manoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resilience, and the Center for Ag Profitability of the University of Nebraska. Mahalo for listening. Awuiho. Awhoi ho.